NETWORK GENERATION
0G NETWORK
At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network.
In the 1960’s, a system launched by Bell Systems, called, Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialling and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s.
1G NETWORK HISTORY
The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network.
In 1981, the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system simultaneously launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. NMT was the first mobile phone network to feature international roaming. In 1983, the first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago-based Ameritech using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then followed in the early to mid-1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.
1G NETWORK CAPACITY
1G (or 1-G ) refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology ( mobile telecommunications ). These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up. The inherent advantages of digital technology over that of analog meant that 2G networks eventually replaced them almost everywhere.
2G NETWORK
HISTORY
Second-generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages, and MMS (multimedia messages). All text messages sent over 2G are digitally encrypted, allowing for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retroactively dubbed 1G . While radio signals on 1G networks are analog , radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.
2G NETWORK CAPACITY
2G (or 2-G ) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in that:
Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs , allowing more calls to be transmitted in same amount of radio bandwidth .
The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This meant that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the same amount of space. This was possible because cell towers and related equipment had become less expensive.
With General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), there is a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 50 kbit/s (40 kbit/s in practice).
With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical transfer speed of max. 1 Mbit/s (500 kbit/s in practice).
The 2G network later evolved to the 2.5G and 2.75G
3G NETWORK
HISTORY
3G technology is the result of research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998, branded as FOMA . It was first available in May 2001 as a pre- release (test) of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope, broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.
The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom , and the first commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.
The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.
The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in July 2002 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA.
The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide , South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2,100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in June 2003. Emtel launched the first 3G network in Africa.
3G NETWORK CAPACITY
In market implementation, 3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384kbit/s for WCDMA, up to 7.2Mbit/sec for HSPA and a theoretical maximum of 21.6 Mbit/s for HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but usually clubbed under the tradename of 3G). "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle". 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G , also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384kbit/s for WCDMA, up to 7.2Mbit/sec for HSPA and a theoretical maximum of 21.6 Mbit/s for HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but usually clubbed under the tradename of 3G).
Basic application of the 3rd generation network are:
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Location-based services
Mobile TV
Telemedicine
Video Conferencing
Video on demand
The 3G network evolved from 3G to 3.5G then to 3.75G respectively
4G NETWORK
HISTORY
4G is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G. The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems. By implication, in 4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony. Since 2009 the LTE-Standard strongly evolved over the years resulting in many deployment by various operators across the globe. For an overview of commercial LTE networks and their respective historic development see List of LTE networks . Among the vast range of deployment many operators are considering the deployment and operation of LTE networks. A compilation of planned LTE deployment can be found in List of planned LTE networks .
Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has, however, been debated whether these first-release versions should be considered 4G, as discussed in the technical-definition section below.
4G NETWORK CAPACITY
Fourth Generation Technology
Faster and more reliable
100 Mb/s
Lower cost than previous generations
Multi-standard wireless system
Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless
Ad Hoc Networking
IPv6 Core
OFDM used instead of CDMA
Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n
Most information is proprietary
4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data. 4G Networks are projected to provide speed of 100Mbps while moving and 1Gbps while stationary. New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and, at least, 200kbit/s peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all- Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.
Communications Architecture
Broadcast layer:
fix access points, (i.e.) cell tower connected by fiber, microwave, or satellite (ISP)
Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer:
wireless LANs (i.e. internet at Starbuck’s)
Personal Layer Gateway:
devices that connect to upper layers; cell phone, fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs
Info-Sensor layer:
environmental sensors
Fiber-optic wire layer:
high speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic cables and repeaters
AdHoc Networks
Spontaneous self organization of networks of devices
Not necessarily connected to internet
4G will create hybrid wireless networks using Ad Hoc network
Form of mesh networking–Very reliable
Enhance Mobile Gaming
Experience enhance wireless capabilities that deliver mobile gaming interaction with less than five seconds
Play online multi player games while traveling at high speeds or sitting outside
Broadband access in Remote location
4G will provide a wireless alternative for broadband access
I will provide first opportunity for broadband access in remote locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL access.
5G NETWORK
HISTORY
5G PPP is a new instrument in Horizon 2020, First Call for Proposals published on December 11, 2013, Contractual Arrangement on 5G PPP signed between EU Commission and private side on December 17, 2013 Budget for 2014 – 2020 time frame –700 million € public funding –Matched by private side including leveraging factor 5 of additional private investment results in private value of about 3.5 billion €. 5G PPP industry launch at Mobile World Congress on February 24, 2014 Submission deadline of proposals on November 25, 2014.Project start on July 1, 2015. 5G Vision EU – CTO Press Event at Mobile World Congress on March 3, 2015. 5G Infrastructure Association vision paper published
5G INTENDED CAPACITY
The start of commercial deployment of 5G systems is expected in years 2020+
•5G is an opportunity for the European ICT sector which is already well positioned in the global R&D race
•5G will bring new unique network and service capabilities –user experience continuity –Internet of Things –mission critical services (low latency, high reliability)
•5G targets a unified and programmable infrastructure
•5G will support multi tenancy models
•5G will be designed to be a sustainable and scalable technology
•5G will create an ecosystem for technical and business innovation
5G needs to support efficiently three different types of traffic profiles
–high throughput for e.g. video services
–low energy for e.g. long–living sensors
–low latency for mission critical services
•5G covers network needs and contributes to digitalization of vertical markets
–automotive, transportation, manufacturing, banking, finance, insurance, food and agriculture –education, media
–city management, energy, utilities, real estate, retail
–government and healthcare
•Sustainable and scalable technology to handle
–anticipated dramatic growth in number of terminal devices –continuous growth of traffic (at a 50-60% CAGR)
–heterogeneous network layouts
–without causing dramatic increase of power consumption and management complexity within networks.
5G will provide an order of magnitude improvement in performance in the areas of more capacity, lower latency, more mobility, increased reliability and availability
•5G infrastructures will be also much more efficient in terms of
–energy consumption
–service creation time
–hardware flexibility
5G PPP Vision and Requirements Key technological components
5G wireless will support a heterogeneous set of integrated air interfaces
–from evolutions of current access schemes
–to brand new technologies
•5G networks will encompass cellular and satellite solutions
•Seamless handover between heterogeneous wireless access technologies
•Simultaneous radio access technologies to increase reliability and availability
•Deployment of ultra-dense networks with numerous small cells requires new interference mitigation, backhauling and installation techniques
• 5G will be driven by software and will heavily rely on emerging technologies
–Software Defined Networking (SDN) –Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)
–Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)
–Fog Computing (FC) to achieve required performance, scalability and agility
•Easer and optimised network management by means of exploitation of Data Analytics and Big Data techniques
–to monitor users Quality of Experience
–while guaranteeing privacy
Abbreviation (Alphabetically Arranged)
3GGP : The Third Generation Partnership Project
3GGP2: The Third Generation Partnership Project2
EVDO: Evolution-Data Optimized
HSPA: High-Speed Packet Access
IMT: International Mobile Telecommunications
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
LTE: Long Term Evolution
MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
SDR: Software Defined Radio
UMB: Ultra Mobile Broad Band
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
0G NETWORK
At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network.
In the 1960’s, a system launched by Bell Systems, called, Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialling and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s.
1G NETWORK HISTORY
The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network.
In 1981, the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system simultaneously launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. NMT was the first mobile phone network to feature international roaming. In 1983, the first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago-based Ameritech using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then followed in the early to mid-1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.
1G NETWORK CAPACITY
1G (or 1-G ) refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology ( mobile telecommunications ). These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up. The inherent advantages of digital technology over that of analog meant that 2G networks eventually replaced them almost everywhere.
2G NETWORK
HISTORY
Second-generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages, and MMS (multimedia messages). All text messages sent over 2G are digitally encrypted, allowing for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retroactively dubbed 1G . While radio signals on 1G networks are analog , radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.
2G NETWORK CAPACITY
2G (or 2-G ) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in that:
Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs , allowing more calls to be transmitted in same amount of radio bandwidth .
The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This meant that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the same amount of space. This was possible because cell towers and related equipment had become less expensive.
With General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), there is a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 50 kbit/s (40 kbit/s in practice).
With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical transfer speed of max. 1 Mbit/s (500 kbit/s in practice).
The 2G network later evolved to the 2.5G and 2.75G
3G NETWORK
HISTORY
3G technology is the result of research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998, branded as FOMA . It was first available in May 2001 as a pre- release (test) of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope, broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.
The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom , and the first commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.
The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.
The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in July 2002 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA.
The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide , South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2,100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in June 2003. Emtel launched the first 3G network in Africa.
3G NETWORK CAPACITY
In market implementation, 3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384kbit/s for WCDMA, up to 7.2Mbit/sec for HSPA and a theoretical maximum of 21.6 Mbit/s for HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but usually clubbed under the tradename of 3G). "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle". 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G , also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384kbit/s for WCDMA, up to 7.2Mbit/sec for HSPA and a theoretical maximum of 21.6 Mbit/s for HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but usually clubbed under the tradename of 3G).
Basic application of the 3rd generation network are:
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Location-based services
Mobile TV
Telemedicine
Video Conferencing
Video on demand
The 3G network evolved from 3G to 3.5G then to 3.75G respectively
4G NETWORK
HISTORY
4G is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G. The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems. By implication, in 4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony. Since 2009 the LTE-Standard strongly evolved over the years resulting in many deployment by various operators across the globe. For an overview of commercial LTE networks and their respective historic development see List of LTE networks . Among the vast range of deployment many operators are considering the deployment and operation of LTE networks. A compilation of planned LTE deployment can be found in List of planned LTE networks .
Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has, however, been debated whether these first-release versions should be considered 4G, as discussed in the technical-definition section below.
4G NETWORK CAPACITY
Fourth Generation Technology
Faster and more reliable
100 Mb/s
Lower cost than previous generations
Multi-standard wireless system
Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless
Ad Hoc Networking
IPv6 Core
OFDM used instead of CDMA
Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n
Most information is proprietary
4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data. 4G Networks are projected to provide speed of 100Mbps while moving and 1Gbps while stationary. New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and, at least, 200kbit/s peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all- Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.
Communications Architecture
Broadcast layer:
fix access points, (i.e.) cell tower connected by fiber, microwave, or satellite (ISP)
Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer:
wireless LANs (i.e. internet at Starbuck’s)
Personal Layer Gateway:
devices that connect to upper layers; cell phone, fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs
Info-Sensor layer:
environmental sensors
Fiber-optic wire layer:
high speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic cables and repeaters
AdHoc Networks
Spontaneous self organization of networks of devices
Not necessarily connected to internet
4G will create hybrid wireless networks using Ad Hoc network
Form of mesh networking–Very reliable
Enhance Mobile Gaming
Experience enhance wireless capabilities that deliver mobile gaming interaction with less than five seconds
Play online multi player games while traveling at high speeds or sitting outside
Broadband access in Remote location
4G will provide a wireless alternative for broadband access
I will provide first opportunity for broadband access in remote locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL access.
5G NETWORK
HISTORY
5G PPP is a new instrument in Horizon 2020, First Call for Proposals published on December 11, 2013, Contractual Arrangement on 5G PPP signed between EU Commission and private side on December 17, 2013 Budget for 2014 – 2020 time frame –700 million € public funding –Matched by private side including leveraging factor 5 of additional private investment results in private value of about 3.5 billion €. 5G PPP industry launch at Mobile World Congress on February 24, 2014 Submission deadline of proposals on November 25, 2014.Project start on July 1, 2015. 5G Vision EU – CTO Press Event at Mobile World Congress on March 3, 2015. 5G Infrastructure Association vision paper published
5G INTENDED CAPACITY
The start of commercial deployment of 5G systems is expected in years 2020+
•5G is an opportunity for the European ICT sector which is already well positioned in the global R&D race
•5G will bring new unique network and service capabilities –user experience continuity –Internet of Things –mission critical services (low latency, high reliability)
•5G targets a unified and programmable infrastructure
•5G will support multi tenancy models
•5G will be designed to be a sustainable and scalable technology
•5G will create an ecosystem for technical and business innovation
5G needs to support efficiently three different types of traffic profiles
–high throughput for e.g. video services
–low energy for e.g. long–living sensors
–low latency for mission critical services
•5G covers network needs and contributes to digitalization of vertical markets
–automotive, transportation, manufacturing, banking, finance, insurance, food and agriculture –education, media
–city management, energy, utilities, real estate, retail
–government and healthcare
•Sustainable and scalable technology to handle
–anticipated dramatic growth in number of terminal devices –continuous growth of traffic (at a 50-60% CAGR)
–heterogeneous network layouts
–without causing dramatic increase of power consumption and management complexity within networks.
5G will provide an order of magnitude improvement in performance in the areas of more capacity, lower latency, more mobility, increased reliability and availability
•5G infrastructures will be also much more efficient in terms of
–energy consumption
–service creation time
–hardware flexibility
5G PPP Vision and Requirements Key technological components
5G wireless will support a heterogeneous set of integrated air interfaces
–from evolutions of current access schemes
–to brand new technologies
•5G networks will encompass cellular and satellite solutions
•Seamless handover between heterogeneous wireless access technologies
•Simultaneous radio access technologies to increase reliability and availability
•Deployment of ultra-dense networks with numerous small cells requires new interference mitigation, backhauling and installation techniques
• 5G will be driven by software and will heavily rely on emerging technologies
–Software Defined Networking (SDN) –Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)
–Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)
–Fog Computing (FC) to achieve required performance, scalability and agility
•Easer and optimised network management by means of exploitation of Data Analytics and Big Data techniques
–to monitor users Quality of Experience
–while guaranteeing privacy
Abbreviation (Alphabetically Arranged)
3GGP : The Third Generation Partnership Project
3GGP2: The Third Generation Partnership Project2
EVDO: Evolution-Data Optimized
HSPA: High-Speed Packet Access
IMT: International Mobile Telecommunications
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
LTE: Long Term Evolution
MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
SDR: Software Defined Radio
UMB: Ultra Mobile Broad Band
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access